An Australian orchestra which has been using this name since 2001, when it became independent. But in 2014, the orchestra became a wholly owned subsidiary of The Australian Ballet. Nicolette Fraillon has been its Artistic Director since that time.

The orchestra was originally formed as The Elizabethan Trust Melbourne Orchestra in 1967, when The Elizabethan Trust Orchestra (based in Sydney) was divided between Sydney and Melbourne (The Sydney ensemble was The Elizabethan Sydney Orchestra).

In 1986, ownership of the Orchestra was transferred to the Victorian Arts Centre, and its name was changed to the State Orchestra of Victoria, and then, upon becoming independent in 2001, Orchestra Victoria. However, variations on the original name (The Elizabethan Trust Melbourne Orchestra) have continued to appear on new releases.